Atmosphere

The Atmosphere is a thick gaseous envelope which surrounds the earth from all sides and is attached to the earth’s surface by gravitational force.

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Oceanography

Oceanography is the science of our oceans that mixes biology, geology, chemistry, and physics (among other sciences) to unravel the mysteries of our seas.
71% of Earth's surface is covered with water, so it is important we know something about the water surrounding us.
The Earth has an area of approximately 197 million square miles of which 140 million square miles is water. The Earth is broken up into hemispheres…Northern and Southern.
In the Northern Hemisphere, 61% is water and 39% is land, thus it is called the "Land Hemisphere".
In the Southern Hemisphere, 81% is water and 19% is land, thus it is called the "Water Hemisphere".

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Tribes of India "NAGAS"

n

Originally, the Nagas were not known by the names of the tribes as they are known now, but by the name of a group of villages.

nThe Naga tribes were linked with the tribes in Assam and Myanmar.

nThe Nagas belong to the Indo-Mongoloid family.

 

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History of Nagas:

Tribes of India "GOND"

nHistory of Gonds:

Gonds settled in the Gondawa in the ninth and thirteenth century AD. In the fourteen century they ruled several parts of the central India. They built number of forts, palaces, temples, tanks and lakes during the rule of the Gonds dynasty. The Gondwana kingdom survived till late 16th century.

Language:

nGonds tribe speak Gondi language which is related to the Telgu and the other Dravidian languages. In the northern parts Gonds are often seen speaking the local Hindi and Marathi. Some of the Gonds in the southern parts also speak Parsi or Persian.

nGonds are mainly divided into four tribes namely –

n Raj Gonds

n Madia Gonds

n Dhurve Gonds

n Khatulwar Gonds.

Food:

The staples of the Gond diet are two millets known as kodo and kutki . These are either boiled to a broth or cooked to a dry cereal. Broth is preferred for the first two meals of the day and the dry cereal is eaten at night, often with vegetables. Vegetables are either grown in gardens or collected from forests along with roots and tubers. Honey is also gathered from forests. 

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Possibilism

Possibilism:-

It explains relationship between man & environment in a different way taking man as an active agent in environment. This is a belief that asserts that natural environment provides options the number of which increase as the knowledge & technology of a cultural group develop.

This point of view was named possibilism by Febvre who wrote: - The truth and only geographical problem is that of utilization of possibilities. There are no necessities, but everywhere possibilities.”

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Determinism/Environmentalism

Determinism or environmental determinism: -

The philosophies, approaches and practices which inform and flow from a concern with the environment are known as environmental determinism.

The determinists generally consider man as a passive agent on whom environmental factors are acting and determining his attitude, decision making process & lifestyles.

Some supporters of this theory & their view:-

Aristotle:- (Philosopher) explained the difference between North Europeans and Asians in terms of climatic causes.

Habitats of Europe were:- (Cold Climate) Brave & Courageous Unintelligent Lacking in Political org. Have capacity to rule their neighbors

Habitats of Asia were:- (Warm Climate) Lacking in courage Intelligent Politically strong Slavery is their destiny their natural state.

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Climate

Climate in general language is known as "average weather".
The weather conditions avail at a particular area for atleast 30 years, that is called the climate of that area.
There are some factors which influence the climate of an area:
Relief, Distance from sea, Distance from equator, Natural vegetation, etc..

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