Seismic waves

There are two general categories of seismic waves.

1. P-waves, which are longitudinal pressure waves and can propagate in both solids and liquids.
2. S-waves, which are transverse waves that can propagate in solids but not in liquids

                                                                                                                                                               

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Geographic Information System (GIS)

A geographic information system (GIS) can be defined, very simply, as a computerized mapping system linked to a large “database” of various kinds of land and property information. At the touch of a few buttons, a GIS can graphically display requested information (on maps), and it can also sort and tabulate large quantities of data in number or text form. A GIS has applications in geography, landscape architecture, transportation, environmental science and urban planning, or any subject that can be related to land. This is because attributes about features such as soil types, land contours, aquifers or land uses can be represented graphically on a map and described as part of a database. At the Planning Commission, GIS is used to track land information, including land use and zoning. Simple queries can be made to the GIS, such as, “What are the addresses of the churches in Planning District 8?”

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Ozone depletion linked to Climate change

The ozone hole is changing the atmospheric flow in the high latitudes, the new study demonstrated that the ozone hole is able to influence the tropical circulation and increase rainfall at low latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere. Ozone depletion, an upper atmospheric phenomenon confined to the polar regions, has been linked to climate change from the pole to the equator.





Save Energy... Save Earth...

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Earth Day

Earth Day is one of two observances, both held annually during spring in the northern hemisphere, and autumn in the southern hemisphere. These are intended to inspire awareness of and appreciation for the Earth's environment. The United Nations celebrates an Earth Day each year on the March equinox, a tradition which was founded by peace activist John McConnell in 1969. A second Earth Day, which was founded by U.S. Senator Gaylord Nelson as an environmental teach-in in 1970, is celebrated in many countries each year on April 22. On the 22nd of April, 1970, Earth Day marked the beginning of the modern environmental movement.

Save Earth its the only Planet we have.....

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El Nino and La Nina

El Nino is caused by the periodic shift in wind speed and direction in the tropical eastern Pacific which leads to changes in sea Surface temperatures. In what scientists call El Niño events, prevailing easterly winds weaken or give way to westerly winds, and the normal upwelling process, which brings cool, nutrient-rich waters up from lower levels of the ocean, stops.

This causes sea surface temperatures to rise, providing an unfavorable habitat for many sea animals and fish. The warmer ocean conditions can also lead to more rainfall and floods along the west coast of the Americas. A stronger easterly wind flow, on the other hand, can increase upwelling and make the sea surface temperatures even colder, producing La Nina. Both phenomena can have far-reaching weather effects. For example, strong El Niño events often result in a weak Atlantic Ocean hurricane season; La Nina events can spell drought, even for normally dry California.

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laws of pollution

Various laws has been established to curb the menace of air pollution

      - Policy statement for Abatement of Pollution, 1992.

      - National Conservation Strategy & Policy statement on environment & development,1992.

      - Air (Prevention & control of pollution)Act, 1981

      - Air (Prevention & control of pollution ) Act,1981

      - The government is trying to remove the use of leaded petrol, a major cause of air pollution.

      - the industrial acts are implemented to control the harmful emission of gases.

      - the natural management team is is hardcore work to minimise the effect of various natural disaster like    

         forest fire, volcanic erruption that are causes of airr pollution.

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Thermal pollution

The broadest definition of thermal pollution is the degradation of water quality by any process that changes ambient water temperature. Thermal pollution is usually associated with increases of water temperatures in a stream, lake, or ocean due to the discharge of heated water from industrial processes, such as the generation of electricity. Increases in ambient water temperature also occur in streams where shading vegetation along the banks is removed or where sediments have made the water more turbid . Both of these effects allow more energy from the sun to be absorbed by the water and thereby increase its temperature. There are also situations in which the effects of colder-than-normal water temperatures may be observed. For example, the discharge of cold bottom water from deep-water reservoirs behind large dams has changed the downstream biological communities in systems such as the Colorado River.


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Polar sun synchronous satellite

Polar sun synchronous satellite
An orbit in which the satellite's orbital plane is at a fixed orientation to the sun, i.e., the orbit precesses about the earth at the same rate that the earth orbits the sun. It has the characteristics of maintaining similar sun angles along its ground trace for all orbits, and typically has an inclination from 96 to 98 degrees, depending on the orbit altitude and orbit shape (eccentricity).


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Natural stellite

Natural stellite is a celestial body not made by man, that orbits a planet, a star, or a smaller body. A planet orbiting a star, or a dwarf galaxy orbiting a major galaxy, moons, & asteroids orbiting a planet are natural satellite.


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Geosynchronous satellites

Also called geostationary, or simply GEO, it refers to the movement of communication satellites where the satellite circles the globe over the equator, in a movement that is synchronized with the earth's rotation. Because of this synchronization, the satellite appears to be stationary, and they also offer continuous operation in the area of visibility. These types of satellite are said to have a geostationary orbit, and it is the most common type of orbit for communications satellites.


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Ecology

Ecology is the study of environmental systems, or as it is sometimes called, the economy of nature. "Environmental" usually means relating to the natural, versus human-made world; the "systems" means that ecology is, by its very nature, not interested in just the components of nature individually but especially in how the parts interact.


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Biogegraphy

Biogeography is a branch of geography that studies the past and present distribution of the world's many species. It is usually considered to be a part of physical geography as it often relates to the examination of the physical environment and how it affects species and shaped their distribution across space. As such it studies the world's biomes and taxonomy - the naming of species. In addition, biogeography has strong ties to biology, ecology, evolution studies, climatology, and soil science.

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Xerophytes

BIOGEOGRAPHERS AND ecologists usually classify plants according to their water needs. Since the global distribution of water varies from dry to wet, plants also vary in their adaptation to the availability of water. Xerophytes are plants of the arid regions. The Greek prefix xero- means dry in contrast to hygro- (wet) and meso- (intermediate). Xerophytes as a class of plants are those that have adapted to dry environments by some mechanism to prevent water loss or to store water in their leaves.


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Physiographic divisions of India

Physiographic regions are defined on the basis of characteristics of landforms. These are basically the demarcation and description of regions from the viewpoint of geomorphology. India is divided into seven physiographic divisions namely

•   Northern Mountains and the North Eastern mountain range
•   The Indo Gangetic plain
•   Thar Desert
•   Central highlands and Peninsular plateau
•   East Coast 
•   West Coast
•   Islands


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WHY DO EARTHQUAKES HAPPEN

WHY DO EARTHQUAKES HAPPEN
The entire surface of the earth is made up of several wide, thin and rigid plate like blocks. These are in constant motion with respect to each other. This causes most earthquakes at edges of plates and a few earthquakes within the plate. The movement is very slow but in some places it is as much as about 5 cm per year. Earthquakes occur almost everywhere in the world. Some regions have more earthquakes than other parts of the globe. Earthquakes can be caused by other reasons too. Volcanic activity can shake the ground. Blasting, quarrying and mining can cause small earthquakes. Underground nuclear explosions are also man made earthquakes.        Tremendous amount of energy is released during an earthquake. This can cause widespread damage. Human dwellings have to be protected from earthquakes. Collapse of buildings in  an earthquake, specially in congested
areas, can cause havoc.

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